In an interview with Ken Burns, the historian Stephen B. Oates called the Civil War the "great central experience" of United States history (1989, para 14). The Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution promised liberty and justice for all, but Black slavery in southern states contradicted and undermined those values and questioned the survival of democracy as a form government.

In many ways, the Civil War is still with us as a nation today. Black Americans still seek equality under the law. Racism toward Black people still permeates through all aspects of society. Conservative white politicians in red states seek to limit the political participation and voting of people of color. In 1968, the Kerner Commission declared "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal" (para. 2). That reality remains true in the third decade of the 21st century.

To understand the present, it is important to understand the past, and the activities in this section explore different dimensions of the Civil War and its impacts on civil rights through the lens of newspapers and advertisements.

Activity 1: Read Stories Across State Lines 

• The 2018 Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework lists the following critical policies and events leading to the Civil War:
  • The Missouri Compromise (1831-1832)
  • South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)
  • Wilmot Proviso (1846)
  • The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
  • Compromise of 1850
  • Publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851-1852)
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
  • The Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
  • Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)
  • John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)
  • Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)
• Select one of these events/policies and find two original news articles - one published in Northern territory and one published in Southern territory. 
• Use the Teacher and Student Guide to Analyzing News & Newspapers to critically evaluate each publication.
• Create a screen recording or interactive image to present your findings. 
  • Interactive image:
    • Start a new Google Drawings canvas. 
    • Upload a screenshot of the newspaper article to the middle of the canvas.
    • Insert text boxes and shapes to call attention to your findings.
    • Add links to additional information (e.g., the original image source). 
  • Screen recording: 
    • If you have a Mac computer, use this shortcut. 
    • If you have access to Quicktime, here's how to screen record using Quicktime.
    • Otherwise, use a web-based screen recording tool such as Screencastify, Screencast-o-Matic, or Loom.  

Activity 2: Examine Recruitment Advertisements 

• Review the following advertisements intended to recruit soldiers for the Civil War: 
  • Recruitment Broadside for Black Soldiers
  • 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment Advertisement
  • The Civil War's Black Soldiers: Recruitment of Black Soldiers
  • Civil War Posters
• What are commonly used terms or words to recruit soldiers? Why do you think those words were used?
• How did the advertisers attempt to persuade men to enlist? 
• How is the language different in advertisements for Black soldiers versus white soldiers? What about for the advertisements from the North versus the South? Why do you think that is?
• Design a modern-day advertisement, using TikTok or Snapchat, to persuade individuals to enlist in the Civil War. 

Additional Resources

• Policies and Events Leading to the Civil War, resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki
• The Civil War: The Nation Moves Towards War, 1850-61, Library of Congress