23.1 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

23.2 Acid and Base Ionization Constants

The relative strength of an acid or base is the extent to which it ionizes when dissolved in water. If the ionization reaction is essentially complete, the acid or base is termed strong; if relatively little ionization occurs, the acid or base is weak. As will be evident throughout the remainder of this chapter, there are many more weak acids and bases than strong ones. The most common strong acids and bases are listed in Figure 23.1.

Figure 23.1

Some of the common strong acids and bases are listed here.

The relative strengths of acids may be quantified by measuring their equilibrium constants in aqueous solutions. In solutions of the same concentration, stronger acids ionize to a greater extent, and so yield higher concentrations of hydronium ions than do weaker acids. The equilibrium constant for an acid is called the acid-ionization constant, K_a. For the reaction of an acid HA:

the acid ionization constant is written

where the concentrations are those at equilibrium. Although water is a reactant in the reaction, it is the solvent as well, so we do not include [H₂O] in the equation. The larger the K_a of an acid, the larger the concentration of ${\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}$ and A⁻ relative to the concentration of the nonionized acid, HA, in an equilibrium mixture, and the stronger the acid. An acid is classified as “strong” when it undergoes complete ionization, in which case the concentration of HA is zero and the acid ionization constant is immeasurably large (K_a ≈ ∞). Acids that are partially ionized are called “weak,” and their acid ionization constants may be experimentally measured. A table of ionization constants for weak acids is provided in Appendix H.

To illustrate this idea, three acid ionization equations and K_a values are shown below. The ionization constants increase from first to last of the listed equations, indicating the relative acid strength increases in the order CH₃CO₂H < HNO₂ < ${\text{HSO}}_4{}^{\text{−}}:$

Another measure of the strength of an acid is its percent ionization. The percent ionization of a weak acid is defined in terms of the composition of an equilibrium mixture:

where the numerator is equivalent to the concentration of the acid's conjugate base (per stoichiometry, [A⁻] = [H₃O⁺]). Unlike the K_a value, the percent ionization of a weak acid varies with the initial concentration of acid, typically decreasing as concentration increases. Equilibrium calculations of the sort described later in this chapter can be used to confirm this behavior.

Just as for acids, the relative strength of a base is reflected in the magnitude of its base-ionization constant (K_b) in aqueous solutions. In solutions of the same concentration, stronger bases ionize to a greater extent, and so yield higher hydroxide ion concentrations than do weaker bases. A stronger base has a larger ionization constant than does a weaker base. For the reaction of a base, B:

the ionization constant is written as

Inspection of the data for three weak bases presented below shows the base strength increases in the order ${\text{NO}}_2{}^{-}<{\text{CH}}_2{\text{CO}}_2{}^{-}<{\text{NH}}_3.$

A table of ionization constants for weak bases appears in Appendix I. As for acids, the relative strength of a base is also reflected in its percent ionization, computed as

but will vary depending on the base ionization constant and the initial concentration of the solution.

23.2.2 Calculating Percent Ionization

23.3 Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Brønsted-Lowry acid-base chemistry is the transfer of protons; thus, logic suggests a relation between the relative strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs. The strength of an acid or base is quantified in its ionization constant, K_a or K_b, which represents the extent of the acid or base ionization reaction. For the conjugate acid-base pair HA / A⁻, ionization equilibrium equations and ionization constant expressions are

Adding these two chemical equations yields the equation for the autoionization for water:

As discussed in another chapter on equilibrium, the equilibrium constant for a summed reaction is equal to the mathematical product of the equilibrium constants for the added reactions, and so

This equation states the relation between ionization constants for any conjugate acid-base pair, namely, their mathematical product is equal to the ion product of water, K_w. By rearranging this equation, a reciprocal relation between the strengths of a conjugate acid-base pair becomes evident:

The inverse proportional relation between K_a and K_b means the stronger the acid or base, the weaker its conjugate partner. Figure 34.2 illustrates this relation for several conjugate acid-base pairs.

Figure 23.2

Relative strengths of several conjugate acid-base pairs are shown.

Figure 23.3

This figure shows strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs relative to the strength of water as the reference substance.

The listing of conjugate acid–base pairs shown in Figure 23.3 is arranged to show the relative strength of each species as compared with water, whose entries are highlighted in each of the table’s columns. In the acid column, those species listed below water are weaker acids than water. These species do not undergo acid ionization in water; they are not Bronsted-Lowry acids. All the species listed above water are stronger acids, transferring protons to water to some extent when dissolved in an aqueous solution to generate hydronium ions. Species above water but below hydronium ion are weak acids, undergoing partial acid ionization, wheres those above hydronium ion are strong acids that are completely ionized in aqueous solution.

If all these strong acids are completely ionized in water, why does the column indicate they vary in strength, with nitric acid being the weakest and perchloric acid the strongest? Notice that the sole acid species present in an aqueous solution of any strong acid is H₃O⁺(aq), meaning that hydronium ion is the strongest acid that may exist in water; any stronger acid will react completely with water to generate hydronium ions. This limit on the acid strength of solutes in a solution is called a leveling effect. To measure the differences in acid strength for “strong” acids, the acids must be dissolved in a solvent that is less basic than water. In such solvents, the acids will be “weak,” and so any differences in the extent of their ionization can be determined. For example, the binary hydrogen halides HCl, HBr, and HI are strong acids in water but weak acids in ethanol (strength increasing HCl < HBr < HI).

The right column of Figure 23.3 lists a number of substances in order of increasing base strength from top to bottom. Following the same logic as for the left column, species listed above water are weaker bases and so they don’t undergo base ionization when dissolved in water. Species listed between water and its conjugate base, hydroxide ion, are weak bases that partially ionize. Species listed below hydroxide ion are strong bases that completely ionize in water to yield hydroxide ions (i.e., they are leveled to hydroxide). A comparison of the acid and base columns in this table supports the reciprocal relation between the strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs. For example, the conjugate bases of the strong acids (top of table) are all of negligible strength. A strong acid exhibits an immeasurably large K_a, and so its conjugate base will exhibit a K_b that is essentially zero:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{strong}\text{acid}:K_{\text{a}}\approx \infty \\ \text{conjugate}\text{base}:K_{\text{b}}=K_{\text{w}}\text{/}{K}_{\text{a}}=K_{\text{w}}\text{/}\infty \approx 0\end{array}$

A similar approach can be used to support the observation that conjugate acids of strong bases (K_b ≈ ∞) are of negligible strength (K_a ≈ 0).

23.4 Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations

The chapter on chemical equilibria introduced several types of equilibrium calculations and the various mathematical strategies that are helpful in performing them. These strategies are generally useful for equilibrium systems regardless of chemical reaction class, and so they may be effectively applied to acid-base equilibrium problems. This section presents several example exercises involving equilibrium calculations for acid-base systems.

EXAMPLE 23.4.1

Determination of K_a from Equilibrium Concentrations

Acetic acid is the principal ingredient in vinegar (Figure 23.4) that provides its sour taste. At equilibrium, a solution contains [CH₃CO₂H] = 0.0787 M and $[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}]=[{\text{CH}}_3{\text{CO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}]=0.00118M.$ What is the value of K_a for acetic acid?

Figure 23.4

Vinegar contains acetic acid, a weak acid. (credit: modification of work by “HomeSpot HQ”/Flickr)

Solution

The relevant equilibrium equation and its equilibrium constant expression are shown below. Substitution of the provided equilibrium concentrations permits a straightforward calculation of the K_a for acetic acid.

$${\text{CH}}_3{\text{CO}}_2\text{H}(aq)+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}(l)\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+{\text{CH}}_3{\text{CO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}(aq)$$

$$K_{\text{a}}=\frac{[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}][{\text{CH}}_3{\text{CO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}]}{[{\text{CH}}_3{\text{CO}}_2\text{H}]}=\frac{(0.00118)(0.00118)}{0.0787}=1.77\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}$$

Check Your Learning

The ${\text{HSO}}_4{}^{\text{−}}$ ion, weak acid used in some household cleansers:

$${\text{HSO}}_4{}^{\text{−}}(aq)+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}(l)\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+{\text{SO}}_4{}^{\mathrm{2-}}(aq)$$

What is the acid ionization constant for this weak acid if an equilibrium mixture has the following composition: $[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}]$ = 0.027 M; $[{\text{HSO}}_4{}^{\text{−}}]=0.29M;$ and $[{\text{SO}}_4{}^{\mathrm{2-}}]=0.13M?$

Answer

K_a for ${\text{HSO}}_4{}^{\text{−}}$ = 1.2 $\times$ 10⁻²

EXAMPLE 23.4.3

Determination of K_a or K_b from pH

The pH of a 0.0516-M solution of nitrous acid, HNO₂, is 2.34. What is its K_a?

$${\text{HNO}}_2(aq)+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}(l)\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+{\text{NO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}(aq)$$

Solution

The nitrous acid concentration provided is a formal concentration, one that does not account for any chemical equilibria that may be established in solution. Such concentrations are treated as “initial” values for equilibrium calculations using the ICE table approach. Notice the initial value of hydronium ion is listed as approximately zero because a small concentration of H₃O⁺ is present (1 × 10⁻⁷ M) due to the autoprotolysis of water. In many cases, such as all the ones presented in this chapter, this concentration is much less than that generated by ionization of the acid (or base) in question and may be neglected.

The pH provided is a logarithmic measure of the hydronium ion concentration resulting from the acid ionization of the nitrous acid, and so it represents an “equilibrium” value for the ICE table:

$$[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{+}]={10}^{-2.34}=0.0046M$$

The ICE table for this system is then

Finally, calculate the value of the equilibrium constant using the data in the table:

$$K_{\text{a}}=\frac{[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}][{\text{NO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}]}{[{\text{HNO}}_2]}=\frac{(0.0046)(0.0046)}{(0.0470)}=4.6\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}$$

Check Your Learning.

The pH of a solution of household ammonia, a 0.950-M solution of NH_3, is 11.612. What is K_b for NH₃.

Answer

K_b = 1.8 $\times$ 10⁻⁵

EXAMPLE 23.4.4

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations in a Weak Acid Solution

Formic acid, HCO₂H, is one irritant that causes the body’s reaction to some ant bites and stings (Figure 23.5 ).

Figure 23.5

The pain of some ant bites and stings is caused by formic acid. (credit: John Tann)

What is the concentration of hydronium ion and the pH of a 0.534-M solution of formic acid?

$${\text{HCO}}_2\text{H}(aq)+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}(l)\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+{\text{HCO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}(aq)K_{\text{a}}=1.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}$$

Solution

The ICE table for this system is

Substituting the equilibrium concentration terms into the K_a expression gives

$$K_{\text{a}}=1.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}=\frac{[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}][{\text{HCO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}]}{[{\text{HCO}}_2\text{H}]}$$

$$=\frac{\left(x\right)\left(x\right)}{0.534-x}=1.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}$$

The relatively large initial concentration and small equilibrium constant permits the simplifying assumption that x will be much lesser than 0.534, and so the equation becomes

$$K_{\text{a}}=1.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}=\frac{x^{\text{2}}}{0.534}$$

Solving the equation for x yields

$$x^{\text{2}}=0.534\times \left(1.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-4}}\right)=9.6\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}$$

$$x=\sqrt{9.6\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}}$$

$$=9.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}M$$

To check the assumption that x is small compared to 0.534, its relative magnitude can be estimated:

$$\frac{x}{0.534}=\frac{9.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}}{0.534}=1.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-2}}(1.8\%\text{of 0.534})$$

Because x is less than 5% of the initial concentration, the assumption is valid.

As defined in the ICE table, x is equal to the equilibrium concentration of hydronium ion:

$$x=[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{+}]=0.0098M$$

Finally, the pH is calculated to be

$$\text{pH}=\text{−}\text{log}[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{+}]=\text{−}\text{log}(0.0098)=2.01$$

Check Your Learning

Only a small fraction of a weak acid ionizes in aqueous solution. What is the percent ionization of a 0.100-M solution of acetic acid, CH₃CO₂H?

$${\text{CH}}_3{\text{CO}}_2\text{H}(aq)+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}(l)\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+{\text{CH}}_3{\text{CO}}_2{}^{\text{−}}(aq)K_{\text{a}}=1.8\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}$$

Answer

percent ionization = 1.3%

EXAMPLE 23.4.5

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations in a Weak Base Solution

Find the concentration of hydroxide ion, the pOH, and the pH of a 0.25-M solution of trimethylamine, a weak base:

$${({\text{CH}}_3)}_3\text{N}(aq)+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}(l)\rightleftharpoons {({\text{CH}}_3)}_3{\text{NH}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+{\text{OH}}^{\text{−}}(aq)K_{\text{b}}=6.3\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}$$

Solution

The ICE table for this system is

Substituting the equilibrium concentration terms into the K_b expression gives

$$K_{\text{b}}=\frac{[{({\text{CH}}_3)}_3{\text{NH}}^{\text{+}}]\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{−}}\right]}{[{({\text{CH}}_3)}_3\text{N}]}=\frac{\left(x\right)\left(x\right)}{0.25-x}=6.3\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}$$

Assuming x << 0.25 and solving for x yields

$$x=4.0\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}M$$

This value is less than 5% of the initial concentration (0.25), so the assumption is justified.
As defined in the ICE table, x is equal to the equilibrium concentration of hydroxide ion:

$$\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{−}}\right]=~0+x=x=4.0\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}M$$

$$=4.0\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}M$$

The pOH is calculated to be

$$\text{pOH}=\text{−log}\left(4.0\times {10}^{\mathrm{-3}}\right)=2.40$$

Using the relation introduced in the previous section of this chapter:

$$\text{pH}+\text{pOH}=\text{p}{K}_{\text{w}}=14.00$$

permits the computation of pH:

$$\text{pH}=14.00-\text{pOH}=14.00-2.40=11.60$$

Check Your Learning

Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration and the percent ionization of a 0.0325-M solution of ammonia, a weak base with a K_b of 1.76×10⁻⁵.

Answer

7.56 $\times$ 10⁻⁴ M, 2.33%

In some cases, the strength of the weak acid or base and its formal (initial) concentration result in an appreciable ionization. Though the ICE strategy remains effective for these systems, the algebra is a bit more involved because the simplifying assumption that x is negligible cannot be made. Calculations of this sort are demonstrated in Example 23.4.6 below.

23.4.7 Calculating pH for a Solution of Weak Base